- Healthy spermatozoa should be deposited high in the vagina at or near the cervix (male factor).
- The spermatoza should undergo changes (capacitation, acrosome reaction) and acquires motility (cervical factor).
- The motile spermatozoa should ascend through the cervix into the uterine cavity and the fallopian tubes.
- There should be ovulation (ovarian factor).
- The fallopian tubes should be patent and the oocyte should be picked up by the fimbriated end of the tube (tubal factor).
- The spermatoza should fertilize the oocyte at the ampulla of the tube.
- The embryo should reach the uterine cavity after 3-4 days of fertilization.
- The endometrium should be receptive (by oestrogen, progesterone, IGF-1, cytokines, integrins) for implantation and the corpus luteum should function adequately.
Definition : The term "dysentery" means frequent passage of loose stools with blood, pus and mucus associated with tenesmus [ Tenesmus refers especially to ineffectual( নিষ্ফল ) and painful straining( জড়াইয়া ধরা, জাপটাইয়া ধরা, জোরে টানা ) for an extended time. Straining to defecate ( মলত্যাগ করা ) is called rectal tenesmus ; straining to urinate is called vesical tenesmus . ] Classification : A. Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis: Sh.dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei) B. Amoebic dysentery(Entamoeba histolytica) A. Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis: Sh.dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei) : Aetiology : Incubation period: 1-7 days Causative agents the Shigellae are classified into four subgroups A, B, C and D due to their different antigenic and biohemical properties. However, the four important species are Sh. Dysenteriae, Sh.Flexneri, Sh.Sonnei. There are 40 serotypes for 4 species. All these liberate endotoxin[ a toxin th...
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